YOU KIDNAP YOUR OWN BRIDE?

have you heard it is ok to kidnap a girl or woman who you love
and want her to become your bride and wife?



what will happen, if you as a girl had been kidnap by some guy
who fall in love with you but you did not know he has a feeling to you
and when you parents knew that you had being kidnapped and they
did not worried at all about you missing from your house
because of being kidnapped? I am sure if this happen to you
your parents will quickly make a police report and advertise
about your missing in newspaper and television and find
you wherever you are......



but this bride kidnapping cases are accepted in some culture
this culture somehow cannot be against



this situation called as bride kidnapping



 what is that means?

Bride Kidnapping is known as marriage by abduction or marriage by capture, is a practice throughout history and around the world in which a man abducts the woman he wishes to marry. Bride kidnapping still occurs in countries spanning Central Asia, the Caucasus region, and parts of Africa, and among peoples as diverse as the Hmong in Southeast Asia, the Tzeltal in Mexico, and the Romani in Europe.

bride kidnapping in Kyrgyzstan called

ALA KACHU

what is Ala Kachu?

Ala kachuu (Kyrgyz ала качуу) is a form of bride kidnapping still practised in Kyrgyzstan. The term can apply to a variety of actions, ranging from a consensual elopement to a non-consensual kidnapping and to what extent it actually happens is controversial. Some sources suggest that currently at least a third of Kyrgyzstan's brides are taken against their will.

"Kyz ala kachuu" (кыз ала качуу) 

means
"to take a young woman and run away"

Some say it means to take a young woman who does not belong to you and run away.

A typical kidnapping is often conducted by a group of males who take the bride to their home. The bride is often isolated and kept under the charge of the kidnapper’s female relatives, chiefly the groom’s mother or grandmother. 

They take her to his family home, where she is kept in a room until the man's female relatives convince her to put on the scarf of a married woman as a sign of acceptance. Sometimes, if the woman resists the persuasion and maintains her wish to return home, her relatives try to convince her to agree to the marriage.

The white veil is known to mark when the wedding occurs and it is at this point that the brides can no longer go back to their families. Even when sex does not take place, once a woman has been kept overnight – even for a single night – her virginity is put in doubt.

There are many misconceptions about the tradition of bride kidnapping, from a belief that it is an Islamic practice, to the belief that it only occurs in the most rural parts of Kyrgyzstan. In fact, it takes place in all parts of Kyrgyzstan; both rural and urban areas, remote villages and bustling cities, and it can find no premise in the Islamic religion. Studies have shown that forms of bride kidnapping are also prevalent in neighbouring countries such as Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Chechnya and the Caucus.

There are many reasons that women stay with their new husbands and accept the ‘marriage’. In some cases, the kidnappings are so violent and brutal that the women believe they are going to be killed; when faced with marriage, they see it as a better option. Facing ostracisation from their society is often also reason enough to accept. 

Young women who refuse to accept the wedding usually face this situation:

1. No one either family speaks about the attempt so that neither family is shamed

2. The woman returns to her family and lives as though nothing happened

3. The woman is rejected by her shamed family and moves to another place

4. The women is convinced by her family to return to the abductor's family and accept the marriage

Once a kidnapping takes place, the young woman is admonished to stay. However, there is no cultural requirement that men must kidnap. Young men are frequently pressured by family or friends to kidnap wives to show their manly site of their generation. Able and succeed kidnapped their waves means they are hero in their village but if they refuse the pressure, they just do not kidnap anyone. While the expectation is that young men and women will marry, if they marry by the approved of prior parental approval/arrangement, there is no criticism.

According to Islamic Sharia Law, any marriage that is forced in any way is null and void. The Islamic marriage contract consists of an offer (ijab) and acceptance (qabul) that occur at the same meeting. In order for the contract to be valid, the man and woman must both hear and understand the offer and acceptance. This fact is not widely known in Kyrgyzstan, but as more Imams are being educated outside the country, and as more people are drawing attention to the fact that kidnapped woman are being kept overnight and not giving their prior consent, some Imams preach against the practice and threaten to refuse to bless kidnap marriages. Most Kyrgyz are only nominally Muslim, but this is one factor that is part of the education movement against kidnapping that is emerging around the country.

Material on the illegality and negative effects of kidnapping are also being planned for the civic education curriculum for secondary schools. This will probably have more influence than the teaching of the Islamic leaders, but it is important to have the anti-kidnapping message come from all institutions in the society.

‘’Forcing a woman to marry, to continue a marriage or kidnapping her in order to marry without her consent, is a violation of Kygyz criminal law, Islamic Sharia Law, Kyrgyz tradition (adat), and of her fundamental human rights of security, freedom and equality.’’

-Dr Russell Kleinbach, Kys Korgan Institute-

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TRANSGENDERS ARE ACCCEPTED IN INDIA?

 

Is it true that transgenders are being accepted in India?

yup it is true, transgenders in India are being called as Hijra

In the culture of South Asia, hijras are physiological males who have feminine gender identity, women's clothing and other feminine gender roles.

In our beliefs, there are only 2 kind of different sex genders being born on the earth, male and female and   each sex has its own particular role in society. On the other hand, anthropologists have had noticed that several societies around the world have supernumerary (e.g. more than two) sexes.  Appropriate behavior for these “third-sex” groups is defined by a third gender role, which is distinct from traditional masculine and feminine identities

Hijra is define as a girl soul who had been trapped in male body.  Most of the Hijra do not change their gender or even go for plastic surgery. They keep their sex gender as a male but dressing like a woman by wearing sari and jewelry such as bracelets, rings and necklace.

In India, hijras are viewed as an institutionalized “third sex” that has always existed. They are particularly associated with the worship of Bahuchara Mata, a version of the Mother Goddess, for whose sake they undergo emasculation. In return, the Goddess gives them the power to bless people with fertility (Nanda ix).



Their presence in society is justified by many Hindu myths. For example, one of the forms of the god Shiva is that of Ardhanarisvara, half man, half woman, who represents Shiva united with his shakti, or female creative power (Nanda 20). Another mythological reference, often pointed to by hijras as the story of their origin, is contained in the epic Mahabharata. While in exile, the main character Arjun disguises himself as a eunuch and serves the ladies of the court. During this time, he participates in weddings and births, thus legitimizing the roles hijras play in ritual contexts (Nanda 30-31).

In South Asia, many hijras live in well-defined, organized, all-hijra communities, led by a guru. These communities have sustained themselves over generations by "adopting" young boys who are rejected by, or flee their family of origin.Many work as prostitutes for survival

Most hijras live at the margins of society with very low status, the very word "hijra" is sometimes used in a derogatory manner. Few employment opportunities are available to hijras. Many get their income from performing at ceremonies by dancing, begging, or sex work—an occupation of eunuchs also recorded in premodern times.

Hijras have an ambivalent place in Indian society. Because they undergo emasculation as part of the worship of the Mother Goddess. 

Hijras also perform religious ceremonies at weddings and at the birth of male babies, involving music, singing, and sexually suggestive dancing. These are intended to bring good luck and fertility. Although hijras are most often uninvited, the host usually pays the hijras a fee. Many fear the hijras' curse if they are not appeased or  bringing bad luck or infertility, but for the fee they receive, they can bless goodwill and fortune on to the newly born. Hijras are said to be able to do this because, since they do not engage in sexual activities, they accumulate their sexual energy which they can use to either bestow a boon or a bane.

Although there is no official statistics on Hijra in India, their population is said to be half to one million. However, recently, the number of such opportunities of cerebration by Hijra is rapidly decreasing. As Many Indian couple hold their marriage cerebration in hotels, Hijras are not asked for their participation.

a group Hijra performing their dancing

With the reduction of job opportunity, Hijras regularly go out to town to earn by blessing the prosperity of stores and families by visiting shops and common houses. Nowadays, some Hijras even beg for money or engage in prostitution in some urban areas.This vicious cycle is current situation for them. It seems to be inevitable for Hijras to change their lifestyle when the Indian society changes.

 

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SHERLOCK HOLMES IS NOT REAL?

Sherlock Holmes is investigating the big gigantic footprint

Is it true that Sherlock Holmes is not ever exist and not real at all?

Yup it is true my dear friends, he is only the fictional character

created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle

Holmes is famous for his astute logical reasoning, his ability to take on almost any disguise, and his use of forensic science skills to solve difficult cases.

An estimate of Holmes's age in the story "His Last Bow" places his birth in 1854; the story is set in August 1914 and he is described as being 60 years of age. Commonly, the date is cited as 6 January

His earliest cases, which he pursued as an amateur, came from fellow university students. According to Holmes, it was an encounter with the father of one of his classmates that led him to take up detection as a profession and he spent the six years following university working as a consulting detective, before financial difficulties led him to take Watson as a roommate, at which point the narrative of the stories begins.

Almost all of what we know of Sherlock Holmes comes from a series of sixty memoirs, most of which were from the pen of his friend Dr. Watson. The first of these, published in 1887 in a magazine called Beeton's Christmas Annual, was A Study in Scarlet.

 

These chronicles of Holmes suddenly came to an abrupt end in 1893 when "The Final Problem" reported Holmes's death at Reichenbach Falls. 

 

One of his famous quotation from his story is:

"Elementary, my dear Watson"

But some other information had stated that Sherlock Holmes never said "Elementary, my dear Watson" in any of the stories by Conan Doyle. However, that phrase has been used frequently in the movies and was even mistakenly cited in Bartlett's Familiar Quotations for 1937 and 1948. The actual quotation is as follows:

"I have the advantage of knowing your habits, my dear Watson," said he. "When your round is a    short one you walk, and when it is a long one you use a hansom. As I perceive that your boots, although used, are by no means dirty, I cannot doubt that you are at present busy enough to justify the hansom."
    

      "Excellent!" I cried.
     "Elementary," said he. 

It is one of those instances where the reasoner can produce an effect which seems remarkable to his neighbour, because the latter has missed the one little point which is the basis of the deduction. The same may be said, my dear fellow, for the effect of some of these little sketches of yours, which is entirely meretricious, depending as it does upon your retaining in your own hands some factors in the problem which are never imparted to the reader. 

Sherlock Holmes was inspired from?

Doyle said that the character of Sherlock Holmes was inspired by Dr. Joseph Bell, for whom Doyle had worked as a clerk at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary. Like Holmes, Bell was noted for drawing large conclusions from the smallest observations. Sir Henry Littlejohn, Lecturer on Forensic Medicine and Public Health at the Royal College of Surgeons, is also cited as a source for Holmes. Littlejohn served as Police Surgeon and Medical Officer of Health of Edinburgh, providing for Doyle a link between medical investigation and the detection of crime

Sherlock Holmes Outfit

A Laid Back Fashion Sense

If James Bond and the other super spies are known for their flashy suits and perpetually fixed hairdos, Sherlock Holmes rocks the crime-fighting world with his laid back fashion sense. He wears a long trench coat, brown slacks, an old style detective’s hat (sometimes called Holmes’ thinking cap), a wooden pipe and a pair of shiny brown leather shoes. Clearly, being a class act among detectives has a set of old semi-formal clothes as its prerequisites.

The Trench Coat

Given the time when the fictional hero was created, Holmes must be one of the initial figures who attached the word “cool” to the trench coat. His coat looks used yet trendy.

The Thinking Cap/Deerstalker hat

A deerstalker is a type of hat that is typically worn in rural areas, often for hunting, especially deer stalking. Because of the hat's popular association with Sherlock Holmes, it is also a stereotypical hat of a detective

The Brown or Gray Slacks

 

Sherlock Holmes, based on his outfit, is not your average formal guy. If he wore the default black pants, he would have looked more like a business mogul than a detective, which is a no-no for our beloved crime fighter.

The Wooden Pipe

Sherlock Holmes without his trusty pipe is much like Superman taking the subway around Metropolis. The pipe is the most prominent symbol in the novel

 

 

Shiny Brown Leather Shoes

Walking in Sherlock Holmes shoes is not an easy feat, but pretty manageable.  All he really cares about is the intimidating gleam that his footwear emits, even when fighting crime. 

 

 

 

Other Sherlock Accessories

Every detective has loads of tricks under his sleeve. In Sherlock Holmes’ case, he has his magnifying glass and his signature catch phrases. Holmes won’t chide since he relies more on his deductive reasoning for solving crimes. As for his catch phrases, better perfect each and every one of them. Remember, Holmes is a do-gooder, not a serial killer.

Sir Arthur Canon Doyle the writer of Sherlock Holmes

As a conclusion, Sherlock Holmes made Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, the man who popularized the detective and his adventures, a very wealthy man. 

There are a movie that related to the Sherlock Holmes story, I recommended and suggest you to watch this movie and enjoy this movie as Sherlock Holmes is really a mysterious man who full with intelligent thoughts.

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ARISTOTLE THE GREAT PHILOSOPHER

Mr Mark like to mention Aristotle name in our class

during Critical Literacy Subject, so I wonder who is Aristotle actually

as Mr Mark really look very interested in him because he always 

mention Aristotle name in during his class, so I made some research 

about him through the internet, Thanks a lot to Mr Google because 

it help me so much regarding to find some information and background of Aristotle

p/s : Please forgive me Mr Mark if this doodle do not as handsome as you are now :D

ok back to out topic about Aristotle

yup as Mr Mark had mentioned before in our class, Aristotle is a philosopher
 Lets go through to his bibliography :D


 Aristotle

Aristotle, whose name means "the best purpose was born in Stageira, Chalcidice, in 384 BC, about 55 km (34 mi) east of modern-day Thessaloniki is one of Plato's students. His father Nicomachus was the personal physician to King Amyntas of Macedon. 

When Aristotle was 10 years old, Nichomachus died. His death prevented Aristotle from following in his father's footsteps as a physician. His mother also died when he was young, and he was brought up by an uncle or friend of the family, Proxenus. Aristotle was trained and educated as a member of the aristocracy. 

Aristotle married Hermias's adoptive daughter (or niece) Pythias. She bore him a daughter, whom they named Pythias. Soon after Hermias' death, Aristotle was invited by Philip II of Macedon to become the tutor to his son Alexander the Great in 343 BC

Aristotle was a brilliant pupil and was soon called on to teach other students, primarily in the subjects of rhetoric and dialectic (the art of conversation). Aristotle's writings were the first to create a comprehensive system of Western philosophy, encompassing morality and aesthetics, logic and science, politics and metaphysics. 

It was Aristotle, more than any teacher, who taught Alexander The Great  in a school at Mieza. Alexander being taught about how to greatly respect the Greek way of life. Alexander The Great had received a classical Greek education, which covered a wide range of topics including history, logic, psychology, political theory, and ethics. More specifically, Alexander the Great had a great passion for Homer's works, which was instilled in him by Aristotle. Supposedly, Alexander the Great slept with a dagger and a copy of the Iliad under his pillow. 

Aristotle also teach Alexander the art of persuasion by teaching him Rhetoric Function, Discourse Analysis and Elementary Process. Aristotle relied on logic, so Alexander often gathered a lot of evidence and information before he made major decisions. Those educations will be useful to him when he become a king and a leader one day

Alexander being taught by Aristotle

After Alexander conquered Athens, Aristotle returned to the city where he was educated. Although Alexander wished the Academy to continue, he encouraged Aristotle to start a rival school. In 335, at the age of 49, Aristotle started his own school called the Lyceum. His school had a broad range of subject, but showed emphasis on the study of nature.

When Aristotle taught his students, he would restlessly walk back and forth among them. People made jokes of this method of teaching, although his followers did not seem to mind. He gave two forms of lectures. One consisted of detailed discussions for his advanced students. Then in the evenings, he would give talks for those in the general public who were simply lovers of knowledge.

To teach his students, Aristotle wrote out prodigious lecture notes, as well as the textbooks for the students. These writings represented an enormous output of virtually every field of knowledge, including logic, metaphysics, ethics, politics, rhetoric, poetry, biology, zoology, physics, and psychology.

Alexander the Great died in 323 BC. Immediately afterward, the people of Athens rebelled against Macedonian rule. The great political orator, Demosthenes, led the rebellion. Since Aristotle was associated with Alexander, his political situation became precarious. To avoid being put to death, Aristotle fled to the island of Euboea, where he died soon after. Aristotle named chief executor his student Antipater and left a will in which he asked to be buried next to his wife

Summary

Aristotle was a great thinker of all times. He used his powers of observation and analysis to document concepts in many fields of science, as well as to develop a lasting philosophy concerning life. His life and death were intertwined with the politics of the day.

I would like to suggest and recommended that you must watch the movie Alexander, it has info on Alexander The Great early life to include Aristotle, his father Phillip of Macedonia. It only gives one of the stories that Alexander may have heard from Aristotle.

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THE HIDEOUS SOCRATES

did you know who Socrates is he?

I bet some of you said know and some of you said do not know

Lets me introduce you to Socrates, said 'hye' to him hehehe :D

Socrates

Socrates was a classical Greek Athenian philosopher possibly the wisest sage of all. Credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy.

As Socrates did not write philosophical texts, the knowledge of the man, his life, and his philosophy is entirely based on writings by his students and contemporaries. Foremost among them is Plato; however, works by Xenophon, Aristotle, and Aristophanes also provide important insights. He is famous for pithy sayings, his method of discussion or dialogue, and "Socratic irony".

Socrates is famous for saying that he knows nothing and that the unexamined life is not worth living. The Socratic method involves asking a series of questions until a contradiction emerges invalidating the initial assumption. Socratic irony is the position that the inquisitor takes that he knows nothing while leading the questioning.

Socrates actively participated in Athenian democracy, including military service during the Peloponnesian War. Following his ideals, he ended his life by ingesting poison hemlock, in fulfillment of his death sentence.

Why Was Socrates Persecuted and Sentenced to Death?

He was accused of failing to honor the official deities and of corrupting the youth. More specifically, Socrates' accusers cited two "impious" acts: "failing to acknowledge the gods that the city acknowledges" and "introducing new deities."



A majority of the 501 dikasts (Athenian citizens chosen by lot to serve as jurors) voted to convict him. However, it is commonly known throughout history that people of power seek to discredit and dehumanize people of virtue, and those who stand up for truth and justice are always persecuted.



Primary sources for accounts of the trial are given by two of Socrates’ students, Plato and Xenophon. Socrates fulfilled his sentence by drinking a cup of poison hemlock in front of friends.

According to Xenophon's story, Socrates purposefully gave a defiant defense to the jury because "he believed he would be better off dead". Xenophon goes on to describe a defense by Socrates that explains the rigors of old age, and how Socrates would be glad to circumvent them by being sentenced to death. It is also understood that Socrates also wished to die because he "actually believed the right time had come for him to die."



Xenophon and Plato agree that Socrates had an opportunity to escape, as his followers were able to bribe the prison guards. He chose to stay for several reasons:

1. He believed such a flight would indicate a fear of death, which he believed no true philosopher has.
2. If he fled Athens his teaching would fare no better in another country as he would continue questioning all he met and undoubtedly incur their displeasure.
3. Having knowingly agreed to live under the city's laws, he implicitly subjected himself to the possibility of being accused of crimes by its citizens and judged guilty by its jury. To do otherwise would have caused him to break his "social contract" with the state, and so harm the state, an act contrary to Socratic principle.

SOCRATES IS UGLY

As reported in Xenophon’s Symposium, Socrates and Critobulus engaged in a discussion of beauty. Socrates, quite famously no beauty himself, was described in Plato’s Theaetetus as having “a snub nose and projecting eyes”.



Yet the philosopher did not consider his physical deficiencies a problem; rather, he argued that his flared nostrils enhanced his sense of smell and his bulging eyes gave him enhanced peripheral vision.

Credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy, Socrates was also well known for his piggish features. Alcibiades, an Athenian general and student of Socrates, compared his appearance to Silenus. Silenus was a legendary follower of Dionysus that was portrayed as morbidly obese, constantly drunk, and balding.

Silenus

Zopyrus, a rival philosopher that believed people should be judged on appearance alone, said that Socrates was “stupid, brutal, sensual, and addicted to drunkenness”, making him an ugly yet sexy drunk. When his followers violently objected, Socrates stepped in and said that the reading was on the mark.

Did you remember this proverb?

"Don't judge a book by its cover"

It show that someone who really hideous face or body did not means that they are useless or an idiot.

Some of them are rich, succeed and intelligent more than us

Remember the fairytale story name 'BEAUTY AND THE BEAST'. A beast who are actually a young handsome prince who had been cursed by the evil witch. This fairytale story actually want to teach us to stop being prejudice to people who are ugly as we did not know they are actually more precious people among us

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TOO MUCH THINKING WILL TURN YOU TO INSANE?

Is he like you when you are stress because thinking too much?

Have you think before that if we are too much using our brain by thinking

our brain will damaged and turn us to be insane?

Eckhart Tolle

According to Eckhart Tolly from his piece of writing of Thinking Folly, he stated that thinking has become a disease if you are so much using your brain and mind. He means that if we are not cautious about our mind, we will not realize that own mind will control ourselves and become a slave for our own mind that we called as delusion



Thinking also creates the illusion of separateness while the illusion separates us from reality and the illusion that brings us to the imagination or we called it as delusion if the imagination is over too much

So you cannot kill the mind by force even though the mind can ruin and messed up your life. The mind dies its own death by the poison of disassociation.

What gives power to stop of becoming an insanity? – Your interest. If you have no interest in a particular thought then it loses its hold over you. You can try this out now. Let the thoughts flow through your mind but don’t take interest in them. Just stay as a bystander or a watcher and let the thoughts float.

But actually it really depends on what you are thinking about for most of the time. Everyone thinks, all the time, and it doesn't stop or we would have no brain function as in death or unconsciousness or coma. But we can also learn to relax our mind and body, learn to quiet the thinking, and most importantly, we do choose what we think about. Give our mind a break and enjoy your life when you are having a problem. Do not push you mind and brain too think desperately even there are no such things your brain will pack its own stuff and go for holiday and leave you alone if you wanna give it a break

kids usually full of imagination not delusion

The Practice of Watching the Mind

All you need to do to get rid of obsessive thoughts is to watch the mind without getting involved. You will get really good at this with just a little practice. This practice, or “sadhana” as called in Hindu scriptures, is the root of awakening from the illusion of mind that can cause the delusion.

Without trying to understand this practice just implement it. The more you try to understand the more mind gets involved. Just watch the mind and you will soon see that you are not the mind at all. That the mind is like a machine in your head that generates thoughts based on your attention/interest. Be free of your mind by depriving it of your interest. This is the only direct path of becoming free of the mind.

 

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EUPHEMISTIC/EUPHEMISM LANGUAGE

during our lesson in Critical Literacy Subject,

Mr Mark had taught us about the using of

EUPHEMISTIC/EUPHEMISM LANGUAGE

what is the meaning of 

Euphemistic/Euphemism Language???

 

1. The use of a word or phrase to replace another and that is considered less offensive or less vulgar than the word or phrase it replaces.
2. A word or phrase that is used to replace another in this way.

The hidden meaning of word UNIQUE is UGLY/HIDEOUS

A euphemism is the substitution of an agreeable or less offensive expression in place of one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant to the listener; or in the case of doublespeak, to make it less troublesome for the speaker. It also may be a substitution of a description of something or someone rather than the name, to avoid revealing secret, holy, or sacred names to the uninitiated, or to obscure the identity of the subject of a conversation from potential eavesdroppers. Some euphemisms are intended to be funny.

It is also a kind of linguistic dishonesty. Many euphemisms are so common, that we don’t even recognize them as such. Perhaps the best way to learn about euphemisms and their growth is to investigate some example like the toilet room (the word toilet was itself originally a euphemism).

Toilet room ?
bath room?

powder room ?
wash room ?
rest room?

There are dozens of euphemistic expressions with the implication of “die”, such as the words pass away, pass out, close one’s days, full sleep, join the great majority, pay the debt of nature, depart to god and so on. The place for the dead to sleep forever can be referred to with the common words like “mortuary” and “cemetery”. But most people do not like to use them, for it sounds too grieving and indifferent to discard the body of their beloved in such cold and damp place. Recently, more and more people began to use such euphemisms as “funeral home” and “memorial park” since the words “home” and “park” are more humane with some warm and tranquil implications.

This example depicts the rate of vocabulary change in English. Words grow out of fashion like any other consumer products. It is rather strange that euphemism is that part of English which is largely untaught but still very popular.

TYPES

Euphemism is classified into five types:

1. Shortening

When encountering words we dare not mention, we replace them with a shortened word. There are a number of different processes:

a. Abbreviation
Rawson (1983) states that words which may create dismay if used in public are acceptable when shortened to their initial letters e.g. B.S. (bullshit) and T.S. (transsexual). A shortened word such as Ladies (Ladies’ room) is also included in this type.

b. Apocopation
This process can be defined as the way to shorten or omit the last syllable of a word e.g. Vamp for Vampire (Shipley, 1977).

c. Backformation
According to Neaman and Silver (1983), to backform words refers to the substitution of one part of speech with a shortened form for another. The word burgle, which is derived from burglar, is a euphemism for rob.

d. Diminutive
This procedure is the formation of a new term by shortening a name and adding a suffix to indicate affection or smallness. For example, the word buttocks is euphemized by heinie which is the diminutive of hind end
(Williams, 1975).

e. Omission
This involves leaving out the letters of taboo words after the initial, such as f--- for having sex, or s--- instead of shit (Allan & Burridge, 1991).

f. Clipping
According to Shipley (1977), clipping is the deletion of some part of a longer word to give a shorter word with the same meaning e.g. nation (damnation), bra (brassiere), jeeze (Jesus Christ).

2. Circumlocution

Allan and Burridge (1991) call using longer expressions circumlocution. Euphemisms which have more letters and syllables are deployed in place of a single one. For instance, Middle Eastern dancing sounds better than belly dance. A little girl’s room means a toilet. Postconsumer secondary material is used instead of garbage.
Excrementitiously human kidney means urine, or solid human waste is a euphemism of feces.

3. Remodelling

The sound of words can be altered to conceal something that is offensive. This can involve a variety of processes of largely verbal play (Allan & Burridge, 1991, p. 3).

a. Phonological Distortion
Euphemism can be created when the speakers intentionally distort the pronunciation of words. For instance, expressions for Christ are pronounced cripes, crust, crumbs, and crockery. Also, hell is euphemized by heck or shit by shite or shoot.

b. Blending
Blending is formed by squeezing together two or more words both orthographically and phonetically, as in gezunda (a chamber pot), which is derived from the fact that this object goes under the bed (Williams, 1975). Alan and Burridge (1991) propose that most blendings involve portmanteau words, such as strewth (God’s truth), zounds (God’s wounds), and drat (God’s rot).

c. Reduplication
Reduplication, a repetition of a syllable or letter of a word, is particularly present in children’s bathroom vocabulary such as jeepers creeper (Jesus Christ), pee-pee (piss), twiddle-diddles (testicles), tuzzy muzzy (vagina), and rantum-scantum (copulate).

4. Semantic Change

A number of semantic processes can be tools to create new euphemisms:

a. Semantic shift
Semantic shift, with reference to Rawson (1983), is the substitution of the whole, or a similar generality, for the specific part we do not choose to discuss. For example, rear end becomes bottom, or to sleep with somebody is transformed into to go to bed with somebody. Additionally, Allan and Burridge (1991) propose the same strategy in euphemizing expressions into two categories: general-for-specific and part for-whole euphemisms. The general-for-specific strategy is a one-to-one substitution, such as the use of go to bed instead of having sex. The part-for whole euphemism is the reference to specific ideas such as when we need to go to the lavatory, we spend a penny. This derives from the payment for a public toilet of a penny.

b. Metaphorical transfer
 This procedure is a comparison of things of one order to things of another such as a comparison of one flower to another variety. Therefore, the word pimple is euphemized as blossom (Williams, 1975). Allan and Burridge (1991) exemplify metaphorical euphemism with Barber’s Cockney’s Lament (1979) where The cavalry’s come means I’ve got my period, and go to the happy hunting grounds is a euphemism for die. The hyperbole such as flight to glory can signify death.

c. Widening
When becoming too painful or vivid, a specific term is moved up in the ladder of abstraction. According to Williams (1975), widening minimizes the impact of semantic features of a word by moving up one level of generality to name a superordinate set, usually omitting the specific features that would unequivocally identify the referent e.g. growth (cancer), foundation (girdle), solid human waste (feces).

d. Liotes
This type of euphemism is created by replacing a word with the negative expression of its opposite. Thus, we may say untidy or unclean instead of dirty, not bad for fair, untruthful for lying, unwise for foolish (Brook, 1981).

e. Understatement
Understatement reduces the risk in showing an apparent meaning. For example, a nuclear reactor that is said to be above critical is actually out of control, and an active defense means an attack (Rawson, 1983). To exemplify further, Allan and Burridge (1991) provide the words sleep for die, and not bright for fool.

f. Indirection
Too touchy topics and terms may be alluded to in various ways by mentioning one aspect of the subject, a circumstance involving it, a related subject, or even by saying what it is not. An assembly center is an indirect euphemism for prison. Soldiers stop fighting when they break off contact with the enemy which means they retreat (Rawson, 1983 p. 12).

g. Abstraction
Some words (it, problem, situation, and thing) help cast ideas in the widest possible terms and make ideal cover-up words. For instance, an economic thing might refer to the state of slump, recession, or depression
(Rawson, 1983).

5. Borrowing

Using words borrowed from foreign languages to function as euphemisms is a common characteristic of many languages.

a. External Borrowing
According to Rawson (1983), most taboo words are usually rendered in French or Latin. For example, affaire, amour, and liaison are euphemisms for love; personnel, sortie, and triage for war, and brassiere, chemise; and lingerie for women’s underwear. In this case, Williams (1975) also suggests the idea of borrowing words from other languages which are less frighten with negative associations, e.g. halitosis from the Latin halitus meaning breath for bad breath and dead for /tai/ in Thai.

b. Internal Borrowing
Euphemisms can also be from different sublanguages such as jargons or technical terms. For instance, a disease such as syphilis can be made less offensive by using technical jargon as trepenemal disease, luetic disease, or spirachoetal disease (Allan & Burridge, 1991).

In summary, euphemism can be created through several linguistic methods. The most effective one is based on semantic procedures which affect the meaning of taboo words. Their meaning may be less direct, understated, or distorted.

USAGE

When a phrase is used as a euphemism, it often becomes a metaphor whose literal meaning is dropped. Euphemisms may be used to hide unpleasant or disturbing ideas, even when the literal term for them is not necessarily offensive. This type of euphemism is used in public relations and politics, where it is sometimes called doublespeak. Sometimes, using euphemisms is equated to politeness

urmm but for my opinion using euphemism language somehow sound so cynical and hide the truth behind it even though we can please other and avoid to hurt someone feeling.

Lets watch this video by George Carlin to know more about the 

EUPHEMISM/EUPHEMISTIC LANGUAGE

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UNGREATFUL OF ADOPTED SON

What do you fell as a parents one day when your adopted child/children being ungrateful to you?

 sad? angry? wanna die? shame?

but why should as an adopted child they need to be ungrateful to who that had raised them up, who had feed them? who had give them an education?

This situation had happen to Julius Caesar, A great and powerful dictator 

 ops I guess I spell it wrong the name of CAESAR, sorry spelling error C:

Julius Caesar had been killed by his own adoptive son name

MARCUS JUNIUS BRUTUS

Marcus Julius Brutus sculpture

 

But not the only one Brutus killed Julius Caesar killed Julius Caesar but the assassination of Julius Caesar was the result of a conspiracy by approximately 60 Roman senators who called themselves Liberators. Led by Gaius Cassius Longinus and Marcus Junius Brutus, they stabbed Julius Caesar to death in the Theatre of Pompey on the Ides of March (March 15).

the day during Julius Caesar had killed by the conspirators and his adoptive son

Brutus was persuaded into joining the conspiracy against Caesar by the other senators. Brutus began to conspire against Caesar with his friend and brother-in-law Gaius Cassius Longinus. The Liberators succeeded corrupted Marcus mind by make him killed his own adopted father who love him so much and fulfill his needs in order to become a great leader one day. Brutus also love his adoptive father but he fears of his power and afraid of him even though he always get what he want from Caesar



In the days leading up to the assassination, Caesar was told by doctors, friends, and even his wife, Calpurnia, not to attend the Senate on the Ides for various reasons, including medical concerns and troubling dreams Calpurnia had:

“

...his friends were alarmed at certain rumors and tried to stop him going to the Senate-house, as did his doctors, for he was suffering from one of his occasional dizzy spells. His wife, Calpurnia, especially, who was frightened by some visions in her dreams, clung to him and said that she would not let him go out that day. But Brutus, one of the conspirators who was then thought of as a firm friend, came up and said, 'What is this, Caesar? Are you a man to pay attention to a woman's dreams and the idle gossip of stupid men, and to insult the Senate by not going out, although it has honoured you and has been specially summoned by you? But listen to me, cast aside the forebodings of all these people, and come. The Senate has been in session waiting for you since early this morning.' This swayed Caesar and he left.

”

Lets flash back before Marcus Brutus killed his adoptive father who at the same time is his own bestfriend too. Julius Caesar also his bestfriend, This is because when he was born Julius Caesar is only 15 years old at that time. There are only 15 years gap between them.



Marcus Junius Brutus was born in or about 85 BCE, as the eldest son of a Roman politician with the same name, a man who never made it to the top. His mother Servilia is Julius Caesar lover. She had fell in love with Julius Caesar and become one of his mistress.



In 59, a man named Vettius declared that Brutus and several other men were part of a complot to kill Pompey. In fact, there was no such complot, and one of the consuls af that year, the popular politician Gaius Julius Caesar, an ally of Pompey, did his best to get rid of the accusations. Caesar had a good reason for this: he had an affair with Brutus' mother, and he did not want to bring the young man, whom he had often met at the house of his mistress, into troubles.



Brutus's decision to stab Caesar in the back isn't an easy one. He has to choose between his loyalty to the Roman Republic and his loyalty to his friend, who seems like he could be heading toward tyrant status. He also being chosen to kill Julius Caesar because he is one of the people who Julius Caesar trust more. It is easier for him to approach Julius than the others



Who knew that Marcus Brutus, her adoptive son, who fought with Julius Caesar for twenty years, would turn on him? Eventually, Marcus, who believed in a republic and not a dictator for Rome, became part of the plot that killed Julius Caesar on the “ides of March.” And Julius was said to have uttered as he lay bleeding from many stab wounds, “Etu, Brutus?” “And you, Brutus?” Julius must have been shocked that his old friend who had fought at his side for twenty years, would turn on him like this.

Before Julius Caesar died he covered his face by his toga because he feel ashamed by being killed the one who is his adoptive son and at the same time is his bestfriend who his love and trust more. Brutus' betrayal even more tragic was that Caesar had ordered his men not to kill him when he sided with Pompey years earlier in the civil war,and when the war ended Caesar forgave Brutus immediately when forgiveness was asked. Caesar probably expected some measure of loyalty in return for his generosity.

After being defected by Mark Antony (Julius Caesar right hand man) and Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (Julius Caesar adoptive son and also his nephew who become the real heir after Julius Caesar died) , he fled into the nearby hills with only about four legions. Knowing his army had been defeated and that he would be captured, Brutus committed suicide. Antony, as a show of great respect, ordered Brutus' body to be wrapped in Antony's most expensive purple mantle (this was later stolen and Antonius had the thief executed). Brutus was cremated, and his ashes were sent to his mother, Servilia Caepionis.

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HUMAN BEING ARE MERELY PLAYER

"What do you mean by this lines all men and women are merely players they have their exits and their their entrances?"

The players here means like those players in theaters, and they are comparing the people to the players. So when they have their entrances, they means that they are born in the earth and when they have their exists, they are dying and leaving the earth. Which also means that the players would comeback to the earth, just like when they comeback to the stage.

Nowadays there are no use to believe and trust someone with all heart
People are born to be hypocrite and have their hidden characters
they are not genuinely pure anymore, world is only the stage for them
to play their part and being as actor/actress who act according to the scripts
and being manipulated and dominated by the people who hunger for power

The 48 Laws of Power by Robert Greene

Have you read a book "The 48 Laws of Power by Robert Greene?
I bet all of Decom students sem 4 knew this book title
even they do not read this whole book

For your information, this book had stated that as a human being they are born with a mask and being an actor or actress in their life. This book by Robert Greene claim that every human characteristic have different role and script that need to performs on the stage as they are an actor and actress in a world stage. However if we are easily to be dominated by dark side within ourselves, we can easily be the victim of the dark side which full of selfishness and hunger of power and live in a world of masquerade

The contains of the book had explained that the world is just the stage for people who are the puppet of modesty, democratic, impartial and fair but if the people are to obey the rules strictly they will not realize the leaches who are the master mind will conquer their mind in order to achieve the power for rule the world

People are just hypocrite. They hide their dark identity in order to manipulated the others by using the naive identity as a mask to foolish other people around them as long as they get what they wanted

The best way to gain the power, the person need to learn and mastered the art of deception including how to deceive, passion, seduction and foolish people around them in order to gain power



These kind of existence people who are acting like a innocent person but deep inside their heart they are actually a leech who really enjoy sucking other effort and take for granted for what they had received

Genuinely innocent people and the youngsters also being effected by the adults' world which full of pretenders who hunger of power and this game is still playing forever by pass to the next generations as the people around us are merely players and pretenders

sweet talker people

By reading this book, people will be expose by the world of adults which full of secret and conspiracy among themselves and know what kinds of secret that hidden themselves that need to beware among each other as people around us cannot be trusted

pretender and hypocrite people

Politician should also read this book as they can apply the principle which made them to be more genuine leader as a role model among the others community especially to the younger community as they are need not to misuse the power given for their self satisfaction only

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